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Global Peace System is a concept of global conflict resolution dependent on nonviolent processes to eradicate war. It relies upon a multi-strand approach to conflict resolution, incorporating broad social and political solutions. In contemporary peace and conflict studies, the concept of a global peace system has been evolving since the 1940s around the theory that there is a global infrastructure of peacebuilding and that there is a need for systems thinking in peacebuilding.〔See Zelizer 2013 and Ricigliano 2013; peacebuilding here is considered as integrated efforts in numerous sectors ranging from humanitarian relief to international development (Zelizer, 2013)〕 The term "global peace system" was coined from the work of Robert Johansen, who explored the concept in 1978's ''Toward a Dependable Place''.〔McElwee 2007, p. 189.〕 == Origins and evolution == In a 1943 pamphlet and a 1966 book, political theorist David Mitrany stated that the prevention of wars required the creation of a peace system which he outlined.〔Mitrany 1966〕 In 1978's ''Toward a Dependable Place'', Johansen coined the term "global peace system",〔 arguing that, contrary to the advocated and perceived military security in the international system, the peace system provides greater justice, economic well-being and ecological security. In a global peace system, according to Johansen, "conflict is resolved through nonviolent, political, social, and judicial processes. There are no expectations of war and no national military arsenals."〔Johansen 1978 p. 16〕 Johansen called for the creation of such a system by a people’s movement. In 1988, Robert A. Irwin stated that a peace system involves multiple war prevention layers: first, global reforms which reduce the causes of war involve non-threatening defense-policies as well as political, economic, ecological and cultural change; second, conflict resolution mechanisms on the local, regional, national and global level.〔Irwin 1988〕 In 1991, Louise Diamond and John W. McDonald authored ''Multi-track Diplomacy: a Systems Approach to Peace'', wherein they identified nine specific tracks to produce a synergy in peacebuilding: public opinion and communication, government, professional conflict resolution, business, private citizens, activism, religion, funding, and research, training and education.〔Institute for Multi-track Diplomacy "Building Peace"〕〔Diamond and McDonald 1993〕 In 1992, the pair founded the United States-based non-profit organization Institute for Multi-track Diplomacy with the mission of putting into practice their systems-based approach to peacebuilding.〔Institute for Multi-track Diplomacy "Mission"〕 In 2003's ''Instead of War: the Urgency and Promise of the Global Peace System'', Timothy McElwee emphasizes three major focal areas in the construction of a global peace system: (1) strengthening international norms and institutions against war; (2) eliminating the conditions that give rise to war and violence; (3) supporting and encouraging alternative means of international conflict transformation.〔McElwee 2003〕 Other sector-based approaches to peacebuilding link international development, humanitarian assistance, gender, the private sector, religion, environmental change, security, media, health and the rule of law.〔Zelizer 2013〕 In 2011, Kent Shifferd proposed that there is a good chance to outlaw war within the next 100 years. Examining the history of peace, Shifferd posits that there has been more peace than war in history and numerous peace movements were active even during war times. Referring to the global peace system, Shifferd states that most of what needs to be invented to end war has been invented.〔Shifferd 2011〕 Rob Ricigliano in 2012 stated that "while...difficult to ascribe specific causation to any one group, the positive trends … indicate that the international community, practitioners, and academics have learned important lessons about ending wars and building peace.”〔Ricigliano 2012, p. 5〕 Writing in 2013, Douglas Fry noted that the creation of a global peace system involves synergistic elements such as a transformative vision that a peace-based global system is possible, the understanding of interdependence and cooperation, an added level of social identity including all human beings, the creation of effective and democratic procedures of international adjudication, and peace-supporting symbols and values.〔Fry 2013〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Global peace system」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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